New M.2 SSD Drive - USB Power Surge

The issue in both cases here is that you're trying to use an M.2 NVMe SSD in an adapter that only supports M.2 SATA SSDs.  To my knowledge there are no adapters that will convert NVMe to USB, probably because the performance penalty of doing that would be extremely high, so the only people for whom such an adapter would be useful would be those doing migrations like this (and data recovery outside of another system), but that might not be a large enough market to justify developing such a product, or the existing market wouldn't be large enough at the price that this product would need to have.

You'd have to capture an image of your existing SSD to a file somewhere (some other external hard drive, or a flash drive if you have one that's large enough), swap the drive, then boot into your imaging solution's recovery environment, and restore the image to the new one.  Macrium Reflect Free is a popular tool for this purpose.