Did you boot to windows installation media to install windows? If you need to create media use the tool--

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10  Be sure to choose the exact version of windows you have now. 

Follow the directions for a Clean Install which will format the unallocated partition and install windows.

Reseat the new hard drive and check all cable connections to fix a hardware problem. The boot drive should be plugged into sata port 0. Check the service manual for instructions--

https://www.dell.com/support/home/us/en/04/product-support/product/optiplex-7010/manuals

Unless you want a fresh install, the best way to do this is to use a program like Macrium Reflect (free and my go-to app) to clone your existing drive over to the new one (using a case + USB drive) and then physically switching the drives.

Depending on the form factor, the 7010 may also support multiple drives so you can install the new one, clone the drive, and then switch the old one out. No need for USB HD cases then.

Windows will not see an advanced format drive without F6 mass storage drivers. You must unzip them and put on USB flash drive or a Floppy and point to them.

 Unzipped F6 Drivers Required

"Windows Setup could not configure Windows on this computer's hardware" installation error on a Windows 7-based based computer http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2466753

Only Ancient Sata drives 120 gigs or smaller will not need INTEL RST F6 Driver

.

http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/218571en?language=en_US

https://downloadcenter.intel.com/download/22272/Intel-Rapid-Storage-Technology-RAID-for-Intel-6-Series-Chipset-Based-Desktop-Boards

Category DeviceDescription Support Release Info Driver Pack Release Info

Pls change

Make sure the following storage bios settings as shown in the picture 

@Firnas87​

Right - use AHCI.

Your BIOS is not the same as on a 7010, original model.  You have the new model.