To run at the maximum speed always, you need to set the minimum and maximum processor power settings for both plugged in and battery operation to 100%. Actually, should also work if all set to 51% or more. Do not disable the BIOS setting; it will reduce the power as you noted if disabled. Doesn't make much sense, but that's how it works.

However, there is no reason to disable the power throttling. The CPU will speed up to whatever speed is needed for the application. The speed change is very fast, and you will see no real performance difference with throttling on or off. When it is on, the slower speed will result in cooler operation.

Thanks for your reply

The minimum and maxiumum processor power are set to 100% for both.

But still, the clock does only jump from 600 to 800 and back while the CPU is working at 90-100% (Tested with a game and a Workload Test)
If you want, I can post an Intel Thermal Analysis Tool log.

Did you re-enable SpeedStep in the BIOS?

Yes, right after I saw that my CPU ran at a clock from 1,2 GHz at its maximum

Ok, never mind...
I just tested again and saw that it just takes  ~17sec until the CPU runs with 2,2GHz again.
Those 17sec are annoying, but something I can life with.

Thank you for your help KirkD

the TAT log if someone is interrested

2:48:08: Processor 1 : DIGITAL TMP[ 77°C ]
2:48:10:  Frequency [Processor 0]: 2200MHz -> 619MHz
2:48:10:  Frequency [Processor 1]: 2200MHz -> 618MHz
2:48:10: Processor 0 : DIGITAL TMP[ 59°C ]
2:48:10: Processor 1 : DIGITAL TMP[ 60°C ]
On Demand Clock Modulation [Processor 0] : Chipset: 0-0  Processor: 1-6
2:48:11:  Duty cycle value change for processor 0: 0x0 -> 0x6
On Demand Clock Modulation [Processor 1] : Chipset: 0-0  Processor: 1-6
2:48:11:  Duty cycle value change for processor 1: 0x0 -> 0x6
2:48:13: Processor 1 : DIGITAL TMP[ 59°C ]
2:48:17: Processor 0 : DIGITAL TMP[ 58°C ]
On Demand Clock Modulation [Processor 0] : Chipset: 0-0  Processor: 0-0
2:48:18:  Duty cycle value change for processor 0: 0x6 -> 0x0
On Demand Clock Modulation [Processor 1] : Chipset: 0-0  Processor: 0-0
2:48:18:  Duty cycle value change for processor 1: 0x6 -> 0x0
2:48:20:  Frequency [Processor 0]: 619MHz -> 800MHz
2:48:20:  Frequency [Processor 1]: 618MHz -> 800MHz
2:48:22: Processor 0 : DIGITAL TMP[ 57°C ]
2:48:22: Processor 1 : DIGITAL TMP[ 58°C ]
2:48:25: Processor 0 : DIGITAL TMP[ 63°C ]
2:48:25: Processor 1 : DIGITAL TMP[ 68°C ]
2:48:28:  Frequency [Processor 0]: 800MHz -> 2200MHz
2:48:28:  Frequency [Processor 1]: 800MHz -> 2200MHz