PowerEdge：为什么硬盘会发生故障
Summary: 本文详细介绍了导致硬盘故障的各种原因。
This article applies to
This article does not apply to
This article is not tied to any specific product.
Not all product versions are identified in this article.
Instructions
目录
固件损坏和固件区损坏
当硬盘的固件损坏或无法读取时，计算机通常无法正确地与硬盘交互
电子故障
电子故障通常与硬盘控制器板上的问题有关。服务器可能会遇到电压突增或电涌，导致硬盘上的控制器板损坏，使控制器 BIOS 无法检测到它。
机械故障
机械故障通常（尤其是如果不及早采取行动）会导致部分数据丢失，有时甚至会导致全部数据丢失。机械故障有多种形式，例如读/写头故障和电机问题。最常见的机械故障之一是磁头划碰。磁头划碰在硬盘的读/写头瞬时或连续地与硬盘片接触时发生，其程度可轻可重。
磁头划碰可能由多种原因引起，包括物理冲击（如磁盘掉落在地板上）、计算机移动、静电、电涌和机械读/写头故障。
逻辑故障
逻辑错误包括从最简单到最难处理的一系列问题。简单的问题，例如文件分配表中有无效条目；极其严重问题，例如在严重碎片化的驱动器上，文件系统损坏和丢失。
逻辑错误与上述电子故障和机械问题不同，因为磁盘通常“物理上”是完好的，但磁盘上的信息位有错误。
介质错误
坏扇区是硬盘上变得无法读取的区域。所有硬盘最终都会出现坏扇区，硬盘会标记坏扇区，并且不会再继续使用它。但如果坏扇区上有数据，您将无法正确访问这些数据或文件。恶劣的运行环境（如高温、振动等）会导致硬盘迅速出现许多坏扇区。每种类型的硬盘都容易“自然地”出现坏扇区，但情况并非总是如此。
SCSI/SAS 环境
SCSI 硬盘通常被视为高性能驱动器。它们的旋转速度比 IDE/SATA 硬盘快，因此数据传输速度通常更快。因此，SCSI 驱动器通常用于必须提供大量数据吞吐量的服务器中。然而，这种性能往往是有代价的，因为这些驱动器更容易出现机械故障。
在此环境中，多种磁盘故障的最常见原因是 SCSI 总线上信号质量差。信号质量差会导致 SCSI 协议开销，因为它尝试从这些问题（超时和总线重置）中恢复。随着系统变得更繁忙以及对数据的需求增加，SCSI 协议的纠正行为会增多，SCSI 总线会变得接近饱和。此开销最终会限制正常的设备通信带宽，如果不进行清理，一个或多个 SCSI 设备可能无法及时响应 RAID 控制器，从而导致 RAID 控制器将硬盘标记为脱机。导致这些类型的信号问题的原因可能有：在 PCI 插槽中未正确安装 RAID 控制器、线缆连接不良、磁盘在 SCSI 背板上插入得不够牢固、背板子卡未妥当安装或插入，以及 SCSI 总线异常终止。
这些故障类型的组合也是有可能的。
所有技术人员和客户都应阅读并了解维护最佳实践，以尽可能保障正常运行时间并防止因硬盘故障导致的数据丢失。
Affected Products
OEMR R240, OEMR R250, OEMR XE R250, OEMR R260, OEMR XE R260, OEMR R340, OEMR R350, OEMR XE R350, OEMR R360, OEMR XE R360, OEMR R440, PowerEdge XR2, OEMR R450, OEMR R540, OEMR R550, OEMR R5500, OEMR R640, OEMR XL R640, OEMR R6415, OEMR R650
, OEMR R650xs, OEMR R6515, OEMR R6525, OEMR R660, OEMR XL R660, OEMR R660xs, OEMR R6615, OEMR R6625, OEMR R740, OEMR XL R740, OEMR R740xd, OEMR XL R740xd, OEMR R740xd2, OEMR R7415, OEMR R7425, OEMR R750, OEMR R750xa, OEMR R750xs, OEMR R7515, OEMR R7525, OEMR R760, OEMR R760xa, OEMR R760XD2, OEMR XL R760, OEMR R760xs, OEMR R7615, OEMR R7625, OEMR R840, OEMR R860, OEMR R940, OEMR R940xa, OEMR R960, OEMR T140, OEMR T150, OEMR T340, OEMR T350, OEMR T360, OEMR T440, OEMR T550, OEMR T560, OEMR T640, OEMR XL T640, OEMR XL R240, OEMR XL R340, OEMR XL R660xs, OEMR XL R6615, OEMR XL R6625, OEMR XL R760xs, OEMR XL R7615, OEMR XL R7625, OEMR XR11, OEMR XR12, OEMR XR5610, OEMR XR7620, Poweredge C4140, PowerEdge C6420, PowerEdge C6520, PowerEdge C6525, PowerEdge C6615, PowerEdge C6620, PowerEdge FC640, PowerEdge HS5610, PowerEdge HS5620, PowerEdge M640, PowerEdge M640 (for PE VRTX), PowerEdge MX740C, PowerEdge MX750c, PowerEdge MX760c, PowerEdge MX840C, PowerEdge R240, PowerEdge R250, PowerEdge R260, PowerEdge R340, PowerEdge R350, PowerEdge R360, PowerEdge R440, PowerEdge R450, PowerEdge R540, PowerEdge R550, PowerEdge R640, PowerEdge R6415, PowerEdge R650, PowerEdge R650xs, PowerEdge R6515, PowerEdge R6525, PowerEdge R660, PowerEdge R660xs, PowerEdge R6615, PowerEdge R6625, PowerEdge R740, PowerEdge R740XD, PowerEdge R740XD2, PowerEdge R7415, PowerEdge R7425, PowerEdge R750, PowerEdge R750XA, PowerEdge R750xs, PowerEdge R7515, PowerEdge R7525, PowerEdge R760, PowerEdge R760XA, PowerEdge R760xd2, PowerEdge R760xs, PowerEdge R7615, PowerEdge R7625, PowerEdge R840, PowerEdge R860, PowerEdge R940, PowerEdge R940xa, PowerEdge R960, PowerEdge T140, PowerEdge T150, PowerEdge T160, PowerEdge T340, PowerEdge T350, PowerEdge T360, PowerEdge T440, PowerEdge T550, PowerEdge T560, PowerEdge T640, PowerEdge XE2420, PowerEdge XE7100, PowerEdge XE7420, PowerEdge XE7440, PowerEdge XE8545, PowerEdge XE8640, PowerEdge XE9640, PowerEdge XE9680, PowerEdge XR11, PowerEdge XR12, PowerEdge XR5610, PowerEdge XR7620, PowerFlex appliance R650, PowerFlex appliance R6525, PowerFlex appliance R660, PowerFlex appliance R6625, Powerflex appliance R750, PowerFlex appliance R760, PowerFlex appliance R7625, PowerFlex custom node, PowerFlex custom node R650, PowerFlex custom node R6525, PowerFlex custom node R660, PowerFlex custom node R6625, PowerFlex custom node R750, PowerFlex custom node R760, PowerFlex custom node R7625, PowerFlex custom node R860, PowerFlex appliance R640, PowerFlex appliance R740XD, PowerFlex appliance R7525, PowerFlex appliance R840
...
Article Properties
Article Number: 000064317
Article Type: How To
Last Modified: 23 Jan 2025
Version: 4
Find answers to your questions from other Dell users
Support Services
Check if your device is covered by Support Services.